ngā purongo

Ko te muka karāhe he rauemi muka rite te rahi ki te maikorona i hangaia ki te karāhe mā te kukume, te kaha porotītaha rānei i muri i te rewa pāmahana teitei, ā, ko ōna wāhanga matua ko te silica, te waikura konupūmā, te alumina, te waikura konupūmā, te waikura boron, te waikura konutai, me ētahi atu. E waru ngā momo wāhanga muka karāhe, arā, te muka karāhe-E, te muka karāhe-C, te muka karāhe-A, te muka karāhe-D, te muka karāhe-S, te muka karāhe-M, te muka karāhe-AR, te muka karāhe-E-CR.

muka karāhe-E,e mōhiotia ana hoki komuka karāhe kore-kawa, he kaha miihini teitei, he ātete wera pai, he ātete wai, he ārai hiko hoki, he mea whakamahi noa hei rauemi ārai hiko, ā, e whakamahia ana hoki i roto i te hanga rauemi whakapakari kirihou kua whakakahangia ki te muka karāhe, engari he ngoikore te ātete waikawa, he ngāwari ki te waikura e ngā waikawa inorganic.
muka karāhe-Che pai ake te pumau matū, te ātete waikawa, me te ātete wai i te muka karāhe kore-waikawa, engari he iti iho te kaha ā-pūkaha i temuka karāhe-e, he ngoikore te mahi hiko, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā rauemi tātari ātete-waikawa, ā, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i roto i ngā rauemi muka karāhe kua whakapakarihia ki te ātete-waikura matū.
muka karāhe-AHe momo muka karāhe konutai silicate, he pai tōna ātete waikawa, engari he iti te ātete wai ka taea te hanga hei whāriki angiangi, hei kakahu takai paipa whatu, me ētahi atu.
Ngā muka karāhe-D,E mōhiotia ana hoki ko ngā muka karāhe iti-whakarerekētanga, he mea hanga te nuinga mai i te karāhe boron teitei me te karāhe silica teitei, he iti te pūmau whakarerekētanga me te iti o te mate whakarerekētanga, ā, e whakamahia ana hei papa whakakaha radome, papa papa ara iahiko tā, me ētahi atu.
Ngā muka karāhe-S me ngā muka karāhe-Me whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā mahi rererangi, hōia, me te taiao nā te mea he kaha teitei, he ngāwari ki te whakarerekē, he ātete pai ki te ngenge, me te ātete ki te pāmahana teitei.
muka AR-Karāhehe ātete ki te horo o te wai kawakore, he kaha teitei, ā, he pai te ātete ki te pānga, ka whakamahia hei sima whakapakari.
E-CRmuka karāheHe momo karāhe kore-kawakore engari kāore he boron oxide i roto. He nui ake tōna ātete ki te wai me te waikawa i te karāhe-E, ā, he nui ake tōna ātete ki te wera me te ārai hiko, ā, e whakamahia ana mō ngā paipa o raro whenua me ētahi atu rauemi.
He pai te ātete wera me te pumau matū o te muka karāhe, he kaha kume teitei, he tere te pā, he iti te pūmau dielectric, he iti te kawe wera, he ātete pānga, he ātete waikura me te ngenge, ā, he ngāwari hoki te hoahoa mahi. Heoi, he nui te pakarukaru, he ngoikore te ātete ki te pakū, ā, he ngoikore te ngawari. Nō reira, me whakarerekē te tukatuka i te muka karāhe, me te whakakotahi ki ētahi atu rauemi e pā ana kia tutuki ai ngā hiahia o te rererangi, te hanga, te taiao, me ētahi atu mara.