ngā purongo

Karāhe-e (karāhe muka kore-kawa)He tukanga rewa uaua, pāmahana teitei te whakaputa i roto i ngā oumu tāke. Ko te kōtaha pāmahana rewa he pūwāhi whakahaere tukanga nui, e pā tika ana ki te kounga o te karāhe, te pai o te rewa, te whakapaunga pūngao, te roa o te oumu, me te mahi muka whakamutunga. Ko te nuinga o tēnei kōtaha pāmahana ka tutuki mā te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga mura me te whakanui hiko.

I. Te Pāmahana Rewa o te Karāhe-E

1. Awhe Pāmahana Rewa:

Ko te tikanga, he tino teitei te pāmahana e hiahiatia ana mō te rewa katoa, te whakamārama, me te whakaōrite i te karāhe-E. Ko te pāmahana noa o te rohe rewa (wāhi wera) kei waenganui i te 1500°C ki te 1600°C.

Ko te pāmahana ūnga motuhake e whakawhirinaki ana ki:

* Te Hanganga o te Puranga: Ka pāngia ngā āhuatanga rewa e ngā whakatakotoranga motuhake (hei tauira, te noho o te fluorine, te nui/iti o te boron, te noho o te titanium).

* Hoahoa o te oumu: Momo oumu, rahi, whai huatanga o te whakamahana, me te whakatakotoranga o te mura.

* Whāinga Whakaputa: Ngā whakaritenga mō te tere rewa e hiahiatia ana me te kounga o te karāhe.

* Ngā Rauemi Ātete: Ka whakawhāitihia te pāmahana o runga e te tere o te waikura o ngā rauemi ātete i ngā pāmahana tiketike.

Ko te pāmahana o te rohe whakakoi he iti iho i te pāmahana o te wāhi wera (tata ki te 20-50°C te iti iho) hei whakahaere i te tango mirumiru me te whakakotahitanga o te karāhe.

He tino iti iho te pāmahana o te pito mahi (o mua o te oumu) (ko te tikanga he 1200°C – 1350°C), ka eke te matotoru me te pumau o te karāhe rewa ki te taumata e tika ana mō te kukume.

2. Te Hiranga o te Whakahaere Pāmahana:

* Te Whai Hua o te Rewa: He mea nui te nui o ngā pāmahana kia tino tauhohe ngā rauemi puranga (onepu quartz, pyrophyllite, waikawa boric/colemanite, kohatu kōhatu, me ētahi atu), kia tino memeha ngā kirikiri onepū, kia tino tukuna ai te hau. Mā te kore e nui te pāmahana ka hua ake he toenga "rauemi mata" (ngā matūriki quartz kāore anō kia rewa), he kōhatu, me te piki haere o ngā mirumiru.

* Te Kounga o te Karaehe: Mā te pāmahana teitei ka mārama, ka ōrite hoki te rewa o te karāhe, ka whakaitihia ngā hapa pēnei i ngā taura, ngā mirumiru, me ngā kōhatu. He nui te pānga o ēnei hapa ki te kaha o te muka, te tere pakaru, me te haere tonu.

* Te matotoru: Ka pā tika te pāmahana ki te matotoru o te rewa karāhe. Me noho te rewa karāhe i roto i tētahi awhe matotoru motuhake ina tangohia te muka.

* Te Waikura o ngā Rauemi Ātete: Ka tere ake te waikura o ngā rauemi ātete oumu (ina koa ko ngā pereki AZS kua whakakāhia ki te hiko) i ngā pāmahana tino teitei rawa, ka whakapoto i te roa o te ora o te oumu, ā, ka uru pea ngā kōhatu ātete.

* Te Whakapaunga Pūngao: Ko te pupuri i ngā pāmahana tiketike te pūtake matua o te whakapaunga pūngao i roto i ngā oumu tāke (neke atu i te 60% o te whakapaunga pūngao katoa e mahia ana). Ko te whakahaere tika i te pāmahana hei karo i te pāmahana nui te mea nui ki te penapena pūngao.

II. Te Whakahaere i te Mura

Ko te whakahaere mura he huarahi matua mō te whakahaere i te tohatoha pāmahana rewa, te whakatutuki i te rewa whai hua, me te tiaki i te hanganga oumu (ina koa te karauna). Ko tōna whāinga matua he waihanga i tētahi āpure pāmahana me te āhuarangi tino pai.

1. Ngā Tawhā Whakahaere Matua:

* Ōwehenga Wahie-ki-te-Hau (Ōwehenga Stoichiometric) / Ōwehenga Hāora-ki-te-Wai (mō ngā pūnaha hāora-wahie):

* Whāinga: Kia tino mura. Ka moumou te mura kore-oti i te wahie, ka whakaiti i te pāmahana mura, ka puta he paoa pango (ngā pungarehu) e whakapoke ana i te rewa karāhe, ā, ka ārai i ngā kaiwhakaora/whakawhiti wera. Ka haria e te hau nui te wera nui, ka whakaiti i te pai o te wera, ā, ka kaha ake te waikura o te karauna.

* Whakatikatika: Whakahaere tika i te ōwehenga hau-ki-wahie i runga i te tātaritanga hau paru (O₂, ihirangi CO).Karāhe-eKo te tikanga, ko te ihirangi O₂ i roto i ngā oumu tāke he 1-3% pea (he pēhanga pai paku te tahunga).

* Pānga ki te Āhuarangi: Ka pā anō hoki te ōwehenga hau-ki-wahie ki te āhuarangi o te oumu (te whakahāora, te whakaiti rānei), he pānga ngawari tēnei ki te whanonga o ētahi wāhanga puranga (pēnei i te rino) me te tae o te karāhe. Heoi, mō te karāhe-E (e hiahia ana kia mārama te tae), he iti noa iho tēnei pānga.

* Te Roa me te Āhua o te Mura:

* Whāinga: Hangaia he mura e kapi ana i te mata rewa, he pakari, ā, he pai te horapa.

* Mura Roa vs. Mura Poto:

* Mura Roa: Ka kapi i tētahi wāhi nui, he ōrite te tohatoha pāmahana, ā, he iti ake te ru wera ki te karauna. Heoi, kāore pea i te tino teitei ngā tihi pāmahana ā-rohe, ā, kāore pea i te rawaka te urunga ki te rohe "keri" puranga.

* Mura Poto: He pakari rawa, he pāmahana teitei o te rohe, he kaha te uru ki roto i te paparanga puranga, e āwhina ana ki te rewa tere o ngā "rauemi mata." Heoi, kāore i te ōrite te hipoki, ka ngawari te wera nui o te rohe (ngā wāhi wera e kitea nuitia ana), me te ru wera nui ki te karauna me te pakitara o te ū.

* Whakaritenga: Ka tutuki mā te whakarite i te koki o te pū mura, te tere putanga wahie/hau (ōwehenga nekehanga), me te kaha o te hurihuri. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā oumu tāke hou ngā mura ka taea te whakarite i ngā wāhanga maha.

* Aronga Mura (Koki):

* Whāinga: Te whakawhiti tika i te wera ki te mata puranga me te mata rewa karāhe, me te karo i te mura e pā tika ana ki te karauna, ki te pakitara rānei o te uma.

* Whakaritenga: Whakaritea te koki poutū me te koki whakapae o te pū mura.

* Te Koki o te Papa: Ka pā ki te taunekeneke o te mura ki te puranga puranga ("te mitimiti i te puranga") me te kapi o te mata rewa. Mēnā he iti rawa te koki (he mura ki raro rawa) ka taea te horoi i te mata rewa, te puranga puranga rānei, ka puta he rerenga ka waikura te pakitara o te uma. Mēnā he teitei rawa te koki (he mura ki runga rawa) ka iti te whai huatanga o te wera me te wera nui o te karauna.

* Koki Whakararo: Ka pā ki te tohatoha mura puta noa i te whānui o te oumu me te tūnga o te wāhi wera.

2. Ngā Whāinga o te Whakahaere i te Mura:

* Waihangahia he Wāhi Wera Whaitake: Waihangahia te rohe pāmahana teitei rawa (wāhi wera) ki te taha muri o te tāke rewa (i muri i te whare kurī). Koinei te wāhi tino nui mō te whakamārama me te whakakotahitanga o te karāhe, ā, koia te "mīhini" e whakahaere ana i te rere o te karāhe rewa (mai i te wāhi wera ki te rihi puranga me te pito mahi).

* Te Whakamahana Mata Rewa ōrite: Āraia te wera nui, te kore rānei e whakamatao rawa, ka whakaiti i te kawe wera kore ōrite me ngā "rohe mate" i puta mai i ngā pikinga pāmahana.

* Tiakina te Hanganga o te Oumu: Ārai i te pānga o te mura ki te karauna me te pakitara o te uma, me te karo i te wera nui o te rohe ka tere ake te waikura ātete.

* Whakawhiti Wera Whai Hua: Whakanuia te whai huatanga o te whakawhiti wera hihi me te whakawhiti wera ā-whakapūmau mai i te mura ki te mata puranga me te mata rewa karāhe.

* Mara Pāmahana Pūmau: Whakaitihia ngā piki me ngā heke kia pumau ai te kounga o te karāhe.

III. Te Whakahaere Whakauru o te Pāmahana Rewa me te Whakahaere Mura

1. Ko te Pāmahana te Whāinga, ko te Mura te Huarahi: Ko te whakahaere mura te tikanga matua mō te whakahaere i te tohatoha pāmahana i roto i te oumu, inā koa te tūranga me te pāmahana o te wāhi wera.

2. Te Ine i te Pāmahana me te Urupare: Ka whakahaerehia te aroturukitanga pāmahana tonu mā te whakamahi i ngā takirua wera, ngā ine pūwero whero, me ētahi atu taputapu kua whakanohoia ki ngā wāhi matua o te oumu (te rihi puranga, te rohe rewa, te wāhi wera, te rohe whakamātao, te taha mua). Ko ēnei inenga te pūtake mō te whakatikatika mura.

3. Ngā Pūnaha Whakahaere Aunoa: He whānuitia te whakamahi a ngā oumu tāke nui o ēnei rā i ngā pūnaha DCS/PLC. Ka whakahaere aunoa ēnei pūnaha i te mura me te pāmahana mā te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā pēnei i te rere o te wahie, te rere o te hau mura, te koki/ngā ārai mura, i runga i ngā pihi pāmahana kua whakaritea me ngā inenga wā-tūturu.

4. Taurite Tukanga: He mea nui kia kitea he taurite tino pai i waenga i te whakarite i te kounga o te karāhe (te rewa i te pāmahana teitei, te whakamārama pai me te whakakotahitanga) me te tiaki i te oumu (te karo i ngā pāmahana nui rawa, te pānga o te mura) me te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao.