ngā purongo

Ko te paparanga o roto o te oko pēhanga muka-taka he hanganga whakapuru, ko tōna mahi matua he ārai hiri hei ārai i te turuturu o te hau pēhanga teitei, te wai rānei e rongoa ana i roto, me te tiaki anō hoki i te paparanga muka-taka o waho. Kāore tēnei paparanga e waikurahia e te rauemi o roto e rongoa ana, ā, ko te paparanga o waho he paparanga muka-taka kua whakakahangia ki te kapia, e whakamahia ana hei pikau i te nuinga o te kawenga pēhanga i roto i te oko pēhanga.

Te hanganga o te oko pēhanga muka-whatu: E whā ngā āhua hanganga o ngā oko pēhanga rauemi hiato: porotaka, porowhita, porowhita, me te tapawhā. He wāhanga porowhita me ngā pane e rua o te oko porowhita. He ngāwari ngā āhua o ngā oko pēhanga whakarewa, me ngā rahui kaha nui i te ahunga tuaka. I raro i te pēhanga ā-roto, he ōrite ngā ahotea roa me te whānui o te oko porowhita, ā, he haurua te ahotea porowhita o te oko porowhita. He ōrite te kaha o ngā rauemi whakarewa i ngā taha katoa; nō reira, he ōrite te kaha o ngā oko whakarewa porowhita, ā, he iti rawa te taumaha mō tētahi rōrahi me te pēhanga kua hoatu. He pai te āhua ahotea o te oko porowhita, ā, ka taea te hanga i te pakitara oko kia angiangi rawa. Heoi, nā te uauatanga o te hanga oko porowhita, ka whakamahia noa i roto i ngā tono motuhake pēnei i te waka mokowhiti. He onge ngā ipu āhua-porowhita i roto i te hanga ahumahi, engari he mea tika tonu te hanganga i roto i ētahi āhuatanga motuhake. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia e te waka mokowhiti tēnei hanganga motuhake hei whakamahi katoa i te wāhi iti. Ko ngā ipu tapawhā te nuinga e whakamahia ana hei whakanui ake i te whakamahinga o te wāhi ina iti te wāhi, pēnei i ngā waka tāke tapawhā mō ngā motuka me ngā waka tāke tereina. Ko ēnei ipu he ipu pēhanga iti, he pēhanga rānei nō te āhuarangi, ā, he pai ake te mama ake.

Ko te uaua o te hanganga o ngā oko pēhanga rauemi hiato, ngā panoni ohorere o ngā taupoki pito me tōna matotoru, me te matotoru me te koki rerekē o ngā taupoki pito ka puta he maha ngā uauatanga ki te hoahoa, ki te tātari, ki te tatau, me te hanga. I ētahi wā, kāore e hiahiatia ana kia takai noa ngā oko pēhanga rauemi hiato i ngā koki rerekē me ngā ōwehenga tere i roto i ngā taupoki pito, engari me hiahia hoki ki ngā tikanga takai rerekē i runga i te hanganga. I te wā kotahi, me whai whakaaro ki te awe o ngā āhuatanga mahi pēnei i te tauwehenga o te waku. Nō reira, ko te hoahoa hanganga tika me te whaitake anake ka taea te ārahi tika i te tukanga whakaputa takai orauemi whakahiatongā oko pehanga, nō reira ka puta he hua oko pehanga rauemi hiato mama e tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga hoahoa.

Ngā Rauemi mō ngā Ipu Pēhanga Muka-Whā

Ko te paparanga muka-whatu, hei wāhanga matua mō te pikaunga, me tino kaha, me tino ngāwari te whakarerekētanga, me iti te kiato, me pumau te pāmahana, me pai te mākū o te kapia, me pai te tukatuka takai, me te piri o te paihere muka. Ko ngā rauemi muka whakapakari e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā oko pēhanga hiato māmā ko te muka waro, te muka PBO, te muka aramid, me te muka polyethylene taumaha ngota tino teitei.

muka waroHe rauemi waro muka te muka, ko tōna wāhanga matua ko te waro. Ka hangaia mā te whakawaro i ngā matū mua o te muka waro i ngā pāmahana teitei, ā, he rauemi muka mahi-teitei me te ihirangi waro neke atu i te 95%. He tino pai ngā āhuatanga o te muka waro, ā, i tīmata te rangahau mōna neke atu i te 100 tau ki muri. He rauemi muka whara mahi-teitei, kaha-teitei, ā, iti-kiato, ko ngā āhuatanga matua e whai ake nei:

1. He iti te kiato, he māmā hoki. Ko te kiato o te muka waro he 1.7~2 karamu/cm³, he rite ki te 1/4 o te kiato o te maitai me te 1/2 o te kiato o te koranu konumohe.

2. Te kaha nui me te modulus teitei: Ko tōna kaha e 4-5 ngā wā teitei ake i te maitai, ā, ko tōna modulus elasticity e 5-6 ngā wā teitei ake i ngā koranu konumohe, e whakaatu ana i te whakaoranga elasticity tino (Zhang Eryong me Sun Yan, 2020). Ka taea e te kaha kume me te modulus elasticity o te muka waro te eke ki te 3500-6300 MPa me te 230-700 GPa, ia.

3. Te iti o te tauwehenga wera: Ka heke te kawe wera o te muka waro i te pikinga o te pāmahana, ā, ka ātete ki te whakamatao me te whakamahana tere. E kore e pakaru ahakoa kua whakamataohia mai i ngā mano tini nekehanga Celsius ki te pāmahana rūma, ā, e kore e rewa, e ngawari rānei i roto i te hau kore-waikura i te 3000℃; e kore e pakarukaru i ngā pāmahana wai.

4. Ātete pai ki te waikura: Kāore te muka waro e ngoikore ki ngā waikawa, ā, ka taea te tu atu ki ngā waikawa kaha pērā i te waikawa hauwaiora kukū me te waikawa whanariki. Hei tāpiri, he āhuatanga anō hoki ō ngā muka waro pēnei i te ātete ki te irahiko, te pumau matū pai, te kaha ki te mimiti i ngā hau paitini, me te whakaōrite i ngā niutron, e whai hua whānuitia ana i roto i te rererangi, te ope taua, me te maha atu o ngā mara.

I puta mai te aramid, he muka rauropi i hangaia mai i ngā polyphthalamide kakara, i te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1960. He iti ake tōna matotoru i te muka waro. He kaha teitei, he nui te hua, he pai te ātete ki te pānga, he pai te pumau matū, me te ātete ki te wera, ā, ko te haurua noa iho o te utu o te muka waro.Ngā muka aramidko ngā āhuatanga matua e whai ake nei:

1. Ngā āhuatanga miihini pai. He pūmua ngāwari te muka aramid, he kaha kume ake i ngā polyesters noa, te miro, me te nairona. He roa ake tōna, he ngawari te āhua o te ringa, ā, he pai te miro, e āhei ai te hanga hei muka o ngā momo matotoru me te roa.

2. He tino ātete ki te mura me te wera. He nui ake i te 28 te taupū hāora whakawhāiti o te aramid, nō reira kāore e mura tonu i muri i te tangohia mai i te mura. He pai te pumau o te wera, ka taea te whakamahi tonu i te 205℃, ā, ka mau tonu te kaha ahakoa i ngā pāmahana neke atu i te 205℃. I te wa ano, he teitei te pāmahana pirau o ngā muka aramid, ka mau tonu te kaha ahakoa i ngā pāmahana teitei, ā, ka tīmata noa te waro i ngā pāmahana neke atu i te 370℃.

3. Ngā āhuatanga matū pumau. He tino ātete ngā muka aramid ki te nuinga o ngā matū, ka taea te tu atu ki te nuinga o ngā waikawa inorganic kukū teitei, ā, he pai te ātete ki te kawakore i te pāmahana rūma.

4. Ngā āhuatanga miihini tino pai. He tino pai ōna āhuatanga miihini pēnei i te kaha tino teitei, te modulus teitei, me te mama. Ko tōna kaha e 5-6 ngā wā i te waea maitai, ko tōna modulus e 2-3 ngā wā i te waea maitai, ko tōna modulus elasticity e 2 ngā wā i te waea maitai, i te muka karāhe rānei, ko tōna pakari e rua ngā wā i te waea maitai, ā, ko tōna taumaha he 1/5 noa iho i te waea maitai. Kua roa ngā muka polyamide kakara e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei rauemi muka mahi teitei, he mea tino pai mō ngā oko pēhanga rererangi me te rererangi me ngā whakaritenga tino kaha mō te kounga me te āhua.

I whakawhanakehia te muka PBO i te Hononga o Amerika i ngā tau 1980 hei rauemi whakapakari mō ngā rauemi hiato i whakawhanakehia mō te umanga rererangi. Ko tētahi o ngā mema tino whai hua o te whānau polyamide kei roto ngā matū kakara heterocyclic, ā, e mōhiotia ana ko te muka tino pai o te rautau 21. He tino pai ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te muka PBO; ko tōna kaha, tōna ngāwari, me tōna ātete wera kei roto i ngā muka pai rawa atu. Hei tāpiri, he tino pai te ātete pānga, te ātete ki te pakū, me te pumau o ngā āhuatanga o te muka PBO, ā, he mama, he ngāwari hoki, he mea tino pai hei rauemi kakahu. Ko ngā āhuatanga matua o te muka PBO e whai ake nei:

1. Ngā āhuatanga miihini tino pai. Ko te kaha o ngā hua muka PBO kounga teitei he 5.8 GPa, ā, ko te modulus elastic he 180 GPa, koinei te mea teitei rawa atu i roto i ngā muka matū o nāianei.

2. He tino pai te pumau o te wera. Ka taea e ia te tu atu i ngā pāmahana tae atu ki te 600℃, me te taupū whakawhāiti o te 68. Kāore e mura, e mimiti rānei i te mura, ā, he teitei ake tōna ātete wera me te ātete mura i tētahi atu muka rauropi.

Hei muka mahi tino-teitei o te rautau 21, he tino pai ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-mīhini, me te matū o te muka PBO. Ko tōna kaha me tōna ngāwari e rua ngā wā i tō te muka aramid, ā, he ātete wera me te ātete mura tōna rite ki te polyamide meta-aramid. Ko ōna āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū e tino hira ake ana i ngā āhuatanga o te muka aramid. Ka taea e te muka PBO 1mm te hiki i tētahi mea e 450kg te taumaha, ā, ko tōna kaha e 10 ngā wā i tō te muka maitai.

muka polyethylene taumaha ngota tino teitei, e mōhiotia ana ko te muka polyethylene kaha-teitei, te modulus teitei, koinei te muka he kaha motuhake me te modulus motuhake teitei rawa atu o te ao. He muka i mirohia mai i te polyethylene me te taumaha ngota o te 1 miriona ki te 5 miriona. Ko ngā āhuatanga matua o te muka polyethylene taumaha ngota tino-teitei e whai ake nei:

1. He kaha motuhake teitei, he modulus motuhake teitei. Ko tōna kaha motuhake he tekau ngā wā neke atu i te waea maitai o te wāhanga whakawhiti kotahi, ā, ko tōna modulus motuhake te tuarua ki te muka waro motuhake. Ko te tikanga, he nui ake tōna taumaha ngota i te 10, me te kaha kume o te 3.5 GPa, te modulus rapa o te 116 GPa, me te roa o te 3.4%.

2. He iti te mātotoru. Ko tōna mātotoru he 0.97~0.98 karamu/cm³, e āhei ai te mānu i runga i te wai.

3. He iti te roa o te wā e whati ana. He kaha tōna kaha ki te mimiti i te pūngao, he pai te ātete ki te pānga me te tapahi, he pai te ātete ki te huarere, ā, he ātete ki ngā hihi ultraviolet, ki ngā neutron, me ngā hihi gamma. He nui hoki tōna mimiti pūngao motuhake, he iti te pūmau dielectric, he nui te tuku ngaru hikohiko, me te ātete ki te waikura matū, me te ātete pai ki te kakahu me te roa o te ora piko.

He maha ngā āhuatanga pai o te muka polyethylene, e whakaatu ana i tētahi painga nui i roto imuka mahi-teiteimākete. Mai i ngā taura here i ngā mara hinu o tai ki ngā rauemi hiato mama mahi-teitei, he nui ngā painga kei roto i ngā pakanga hou, tae atu ki ngā rāngai rererangi, ātea, me te moana, ā, he mea nui te mahi i roto i ngā taputapu ārai me ētahi atu wāhanga.