ngā purongo

He tino pai te mahi a te muka karāhe i ngā rauemi kore-whakarewa kore-waro, he maha ngā painga o te whakamarumaru pai, te ātete wera, te ātete waikura, te kaha miihini teitei, engari ko te ngoikoretanga he pakarukaru, he ngoikore te ātete kakahu. He pōro karāhe, he karāhe para rānei hei rauemi mata mā te rewa pāmahana teitei, te tuhi, te takai, te raranga me ētahi atu tukanga ki roto i tōna diameter monofilament o te torutoru maikorona ki te neke atu i te 20 maikorona, he rite ki te makawe 1/20-1/5, ia paihere muka he rau, he mano rānei o ngā monofilament i hangaia mai i te hiraka mata.muka karāhee whakamahia ana hei rauemi whakapakari i roto i ngā rauemi hiato, ngā rauemi whakamahana hiko me ngā rauemi whakamahana wera, ngā papa ara iahiko me ētahi atu wāhanga o te ohanga ā-motu.
1, Ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te muka karāhe
Te ira rewa 680 ℃
Te pūwāhi koropupū 1000 ℃
Kiato 2.4-2.7g/cm³

2, Te hanganga matū
Ko ngā wāhanga matua ko te silica, te alumina, te konupūmā waikura, te boron waikura, te konupora waikura, te konupora waikura, me ētahi atu. E ai ki te nui o te ihirangi kawakore i roto i te karāhe, ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā muka karāhe kore-kawakore (waikura konutai 0% ki te 2%, he karāhe borosilicate konumohe), te muka karāhe kawakore waenga (waikura konutai 8% ki te 12%, he karāhe silicate houra-raima kei roto, kāore rānei he boron) me te muka karāhe kawakore teitei (waikura konutai 13% neke atu rānei, he karāhe silicate houra-raima).

3, ngā rauemi mata me ā rātou tono
He nui ake te muka karāhe i ngā muka rauropi, he pāmahana teitei, he kore e mura, he ārai i te waikura, he ārai wera me te oro, he kaha kume teitei, he pai te ārai hiko. Engari he pakarukaru, he iti te ātete ki te pakū. E whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga kirihou whakapakari, i te rapa whakapakari rānei, hei rauemi whakapakari, ko ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei o te muka karāhe, nā ēnei āhuatanga ka nui ake te whakamahinga o te muka karāhe i ētahi atu momo muka, ā, he whānui te tere whanaketanga, ā, he tawhiti atu i ōna āhuatanga e whakarārangihia ana i raro nei:
(1) He kaha kume teitei, he iti te toronga (3%).
(2) Teitei te tauwehenga o te ngāwari, te pakari pai.
(3) Te whakaroa i roto i ngā rohe o te ngāwari me te kaha kume teitei, kia mimiti ai te kaha pānga.
(4) He muka kore-waro, kāore e mura, he ātete matū pai.
(5) He iti te mimiti wai.
(6) He pai te pumau o te unahi me te ātete ki te wera.
(7) He pai te tukatuka, ka taea te hanga hei miro, hei paihere, hei whatu, hei papanga me ētahi atu momo hua.
(8) Ka taea e ngā hua mārama te tuku mārama.
(9) Kua oti te whakawhanake i tētahi matū rongoā mata me te piri pai ki te kapia.
(10) Utu iti.
(11) Ehara i te mea ngāwari ki te tahu, ā, ka taea te whakakotahi hei pīrori karāhe i te pāmahana teitei.
E ai ki te āhua me te roa o te muka karāhe, ka taea te wehewehe ki te muka tonu, te muka roa pumau, me te huruhuru karāhe; e ai ki te hanganga karāhe, ka taea te wehewehe ki te muka kore-waikawa, te muka ātete matū, te muka karāhe teitei, te muka karāhe kaha teitei, te muka karāhe ātete-waikawa teitei (anti-waikawa).

4, ngā rauemi mata matua mō te hanga omuka karāhe
I tēnei wā, ko ngā rauemi mata matua mō te hanga karāhe muka i roto i te whare ko te onepu quartz, te alumina me te chlorite, te kōhatu papatahi, te dolomite, te waikawa boric, te pungarehu houra, te manganese, te fluorite me ētahi atu.

5, ngā tikanga whakaputa
E rua ngā wāhanga: ko tētahi he mea hanga ki te karāhe rewa tika ki roto i ngā muka;
Ko te karaehe rewa ka hangaia tuatahitia ki ngā pōro karāhe, ki ngā tokotoko rānei, he 20mm te whānui, kātahi ka whakarewahia anō i roto i ngā momo huarahi maha hei whakamahana. He mea hanga tēnei ki ngā muka tino angiangi he 3 ~ 80μm te whānui.
Mā te whakamahi i te pereti konukawata konukawata ki te tikanga tuhi miihini, ka taea te kume i te roa mutunga kore o te muka, e mohiotia ana ko te muka karāhe tonu, e mohiotia ana ko te muka roa.
Mā roto i te roera, i te rere rānei o te hau i hangaia mai i ngā muka motumotu, e mōhiotia ana ko te muka karāhe roa-pūmau, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko ngā muka poto.

6, whakarōpūtanga muka karāhe
E ai ki te hanganga, te āhua me te whakamahinga, ka wehea te muka karāhe ki ngā taumata rerekē.
E ai ki te taumata paerewa o ngā whakaritenga, ko te muka karāhe E-class te whakamahinga tino noa, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā rauemi whakamahana hiko;
Akomanga-S mō ngā muka motuhake.
He rerekē te hanga o te muka karāhe me te karāhe i ētahi atu hua karāhe.
Ko te hanganga o te muka karāhe e hokohokohia ana i te ao whānui koia tēnei:

(1) Karāhe-e
E mōhiotia ana hoki ko te karāhe kore-waikawa, he karāhe borosilicate. I tēnei wā, ko tētahi o ngā karāhe muka karāhe e whakamahia whānuitia ana, he pai te ārai hiko me ngā āhuatanga hangarau, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hanga ārai hiko me te muka karāhe, e whakamahia ana hoki i roto i te nui o te hanga muka karāhe mō te kirihou whakakaha muka karāhe, ko tōna ngoikoretanga he ngāwari ki te memeha e ngā waikawa inorganic, nō reira kāore e pai mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā taiao waikawa.

(2) Karāhe-C
E mōhiotia ana hoki ko te karāhe kawakawa waenga, he ātete matū tōna, inā koa he pai ake te ātete waikawa i te karāhe kawakawa, engari ko ngā āhuatanga hiko o te kaha miihini ngoikore he iti iho i ngā muka karāhe kawakawa 10% ki te 20%, ko te tikanga he nui te boron dioxide kei roto i ngā muka karāhe kawakawa waenga o tāwāhi, ā, ko ngā muka karāhe kawakawa waenga o Haina he kore boron. I ngā whenua ke, ka whakamahia noa te karāhe kawakawa waenga mō te hanga hua karāhe ātete-waikura, pērā i te hanga whāriki mata muka karāhe, me ētahi atu, e whakamahia ana hoki hei whakarei ake i ngā rauemi tuanui uku, engari i tō tātou whenua, he nui te wāhanga o te hanga muka karāhe (60%) o te muka kawakawa waenga e noho ana i te karāhe kawakawa waenga, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te whakarei ake kirihou whakakaha karāhe me ngā papanga tātari, ngā papanga takai, me ētahi atu, nā te mea he iti iho te utu i te utu o te muka karāhe kore-kawakawa, ā, he kaha ake te taha whakataetae.

(3) Karāhe muka karāhe kaha teitei
He kaha teitei tōna, he teitei hoki te modulus, ā, ko te kaha kume o te muka kotahi he 2800MPa, he 25% te teitei ake i te kaha kume o te muka karāhe kore-waikawa, ā, ko te modulus o te ngāwari he 86,000MPa, he teitei ake i te muka karāhe-E. Ko ngā hua FRP e hangaia ana me ēnei mea e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taputapu hōia, ā-wāhi, pukupuku ātete-matā me ngā taputapu hākinakina. Heoi, nā te utu nui, kāore e taea te whakatairanga i ngā āhuatanga ā-iwi, he torutoru mano tana noa iho te hanga o te ao.

(4)muka karāhe AR
E mōhiotia ana hoki ko te muka karāhe ātete-alkali, ko te muka karāhe ātete-alkali he rauemi rara kua whakapakaritia ki te muka karāhe (sima) (e kiia nei ko te GRC), he muka kore-waro 100%, he pai te whakakapi i te maitai me te asbestos i roto i ngā wāhanga sima kore-kawenga. Ko te muka karāhe ātete-alkali he ātete pai ki te alkali, ka taea te ātete pai ki te horo o ngā matū alkali teitei i roto i te sima, he kaha te pupuri, he kaha te modulus o te ngāwari, he ātete pānga, he tino teitei te kaha kume me te piko, kāore e mura, he ātete huka, he ātete ki ngā huringa pāmahana me te haumākū, he ātete pakaru, he pai te ātete mimiti, he hoahoa kaha, he ngāwari ki te hanga, me ētahi atu, ko te muka karāhe ātete-alkali he momo rauemi whakapakari hou e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te raima whakapakaritia (sima) teitei. He rauemi whakapakari matomato.

(5) He Karāhe
E mōhiotia ana hoki ko te karāhe alkali teitei, he karāhe silicate konutai noa iho, nā te ātete wai iti, he onge te whakamahinga i roto i te hanga muka karāhe.

(6)Karāhe E-CR
Ko te karāhe E-CR he momo karāhe kua whakapaia, kāore he boron, kāore he kawakawa, e whakamahia ana mō te hanga karāhe muka karaihe, he ātete pai ki te waikawa me te wai. Ko tōna ātete wai e 7-8 ngā wā e pai ake ana i te karāhe muka karaihe kāore he kawakawa, ā, he pai ake hoki tōna ātete waikawa i te karāhe muka karaihe waenga-kawakawa, ā, he momo hou tēnei kua whakawhanakehia mō ngā paipa raro whenua me ngā tāke rokiroki.

(7) Karāhe D
E mōhiotia ana hoki ko te karāhe iti-whakarewa hiko, e whakamahia ana hei hanga karāhe muka karāhe iti-whakarewa hiko me te kaha whakarewa hiko pai.
Haunga ngā wāhanga muka karāhe o runga ake nei, he mea hou anō hokimuka karāhe kore-kawa, kāore he boron, ā, ka whakaiti i te parahanga taiao, engari he rite tonu ōna āhuatanga whakamarumaru hiko me ōna āhuatanga hangarau ki te karāhe E tuku iho.
He hanganga karāhe takirua anō hoki kei roto i te muka karāhe, kua whakamahia i roto i te hanga huruhuru karāhe, ā, kei roto hoki i te rauemi whakakaha kirihou kua whakapakaritia ki te muka karāhe he pūmanawa anō hoki. Hei tāpiritanga, kei reira ngā muka karāhe kore-hauora, kua whakawhanakehia mō ngā whakaritenga taiao me te muka karāhe kore-waikawa kua whakapaitia.

7. te tautuhi i te muka kawakore teitei
He huarahi māmā te whakamātautau ki te maka i te muka ki roto i te wai kohua, ka tunua mō te 6-7 hāora. Mena he muka kawakore teitei, i muri i te kohua wai, ka wetekina te whenu me te miro o te muka.

8. E rua ngā momo tukanga whakaputa muka karāhe
a) Te whakahāngai rua – te tikanga tuhi i roto i te para;
b) Te whakahāngai kotahi – te tikanga tuhi oumu kaukau.
Ko te tukanga tuhi para, ko te rewa tuatahi o ngā rauemi mata karāhe i hangaia ki ngā pōro karāhe i te pāmahana teitei, kātahi ko te rewa tuarua o ngā pōro karāhe, ko te tuhi tere-rahi i hangaia ki ngā miro muka karāhe. He nui te whakapaunga pūngao o tēnei tukanga, kāore i te pumau te tukanga hanga, he iti te hua o te mahi me ētahi atu ngoikoretanga, ā, ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakakorehia e ngā kaihanga muka karāhe nui.

9. Noamuka karāheTukanga
Mā te tikanga tātuhi oumu puna kaukau o te chlorite me ētahi atu rauemi mata i roto i te oumu ka rewa ki roto i te wairewa karāhe, ka tangohia ngā mirumiru hau mā te ara e haria ana ki te pereti turuturu porous, ka tātuhi tere ki roto i te miro muka karāhe. Ka taea te hono i te oumu ki ngā rau o ngā panera mā roto i ngā ara maha mō te whakaputanga i te wā kotahi. He māmā tēnei tukanga, he penapena pūngao, he pumau te hanga, he tino pai te mahi me te hua nui, hei whakahaere i te whakaputanga aunoa katoa, ā, kua noho hei kaupapa matua o te tukanga whakaputa o te ao, me te tukanga whakaputa muka karāhe neke atu i te 90% o te whakaputanga o te ao.