Ko te awe o te muka karāhe ki te ātete ki te horo o te raima hangarua (i hangaia mai i ngā konganuku raima hangarua) he kaupapa nui e arohia ana i roto i te pūtaiao rauemi me te miihini ā-iwi. Ahakoa he painga taiao me te hangarua rauemi te raima hangarua, he iti iho ngā āhuatanga miihini me te roa o te mau (hei tauira, te ātete ki te horo) i te raima tuku iho. Ko te muka karāhe, heirauemi whakapakari, ka taea te whakarei ake i te mahi a te raima hangarua mā roto i ngā tikanga ā-tinana me te matū. Anei tētahi tātaritanga taipitopito:
1. Ngā Āhuatanga me ngā Mahi omuka karāhe
Ko te muka karāhe, he rauemi kore-whakarewa kore-waro, e whakaatu ana i ēnei āhuatanga e whai ake nei:
Kaha kume teitei: Hei whakakapi i te kaha kume iti o te raima.
Ātete ki te waikura: Ātete ki ngā whakaekenga matū (hei tauira, ngā katote pūhaumāota, ngā whanariki).
Te whakapakari me te ātete ki te pakaru**: Ka hono i ngā pakaru moroiti hei whakaroa i te horapa o te pakaru me te whakaiti i te uruhanga.
2. Ngā ngoikoretanga o te pakari o te raima hangarua
Ko ngā konganuku hangarua me te whakapiri sima toenga porous i runga i ō rātou mata ka hua ake:
Rohe whakawhiti ā-kanohi ngoikore (ITZ): He ngoikore te hononga i waenga i ngā mea hangarua me te whakapiri sima hou, ka hangaia he ara uruhanga.
He iti te ātete ki te wai: Ka ngāwari te uru o ngā mea whakangaro (hei tauira, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻), ka puta te waikura o te maitai, ka nui rānei te kino.
Kāore i te tino ātete ki te hukapapa-rewa: Ka pākarukaru, ka pakaru hoki te huka e horapa ana i roto i ngā pūwero.
3. Ngā Tikanga o te muka karāhe hei Whakapai ake i te Ātete ki te Horoi
(1) Ngā Pānga Ārai Tinana
Te aukati i ngā pakaru: Ka honoa ngā pakaru moroiti e ngā muka marara ōrite, ka aukati i ō rātou tipu me te whakaiti i ngā ara mō ngā mea whakangaro.
Te kiato ake: Ka whakakīia ngā pūwero e ngā muka, ka whakaiti i te pūwero, ka whakaroa hoki i te horapa o ngā matū kino.
(2) Te Pūmautanga Matū
Karāhe ātete-alkali(hei tauira, AR-glass): Ka noho pumau ngā muka kua maimoatia ki te mata i roto i ngā taiao kawakore teitei, ā, ka kore e pirau.
Whakakaha hononga: Mā te hononga kaha o te muka-matrix ka whakaitihia ngā hapa o te ITZ, ka whakaitihia hoki ngā tūponotanga o te horo o te rohe.
(3) Te Ātete ki ngā Momo Horoi Motuhake
Ātete ki te katote hauhāora: Mā te whakaiti i te hanganga kapiti ka whakaroa i te urunga o te Cl⁻, ka whakaroa i te waikura o te maitai.
Te ātete ki te whakaekenga o te whanariki: Mā te pehi i te tipu o te kapiti ka whakaiti i te kino mai i te tioata me te whānui o te whanariki.
Te pakari o te huka-rewa: Ka mimiti te ngāwari o te muka i te ahotea mai i te hanganga hukapapa, ka whakaiti i te pakaru o te mata.
4. Ngā Take Matua e Āwhina Ana
Te horopeta muka: Ko te awhe tino pai ko te 0.5%–2% (mā te rōrahi); ka puta te whakapūpū o ngā muka i te nui rawa, ā, ka iti haere te kiato.
Te roa me te marara o te muka: Ka pai ake te pakari o ngā muka roa (12–24 mm) engari me rite te tohatoha.
Te kounga o ngā rauemi hangarua: Ka ngoikore te hononga muka-matrix mēnā he nui te mimiti wai, he toenga rānei te moata.
5. Ngā Kitenga Rangahau me ngā Whakatau Whaihua
Ngā pānga pai: E whakaatu ana te nuinga o ngā rangahau he tika temuka karāheKa tino whakapai ake te tāpiri i te ātete ki te wai, te ātete ki te hauota, me te ātete ki te whanariki. Hei tauira, ka taea e te muka karāhe 1% te whakaiti i ngā tauwehenga horapa o te hauota mā te 20%–30%.
Te mahi roa: Me aro atu ki te pakari o ngā muka i roto i ngā taiao kawakore. Ka roa ake te ora o ngā muka nā te paninga ātete-kawakore, nā te muka ranu rānei (hei tauira, me te polypropylene).
Ngā Here: Ka whakaiti pea ngā painga o te muka i ngā rauemi hangarua kounga-kore (hei tauira, te porosity teitei, ngā poke).
6. Ngā Taunakitanga mō te Tono
Ngā āhuatanga e tika ana: Ngā taiao moana, ngā oneone tote, ngā hanganga rānei e hiahia ana kia pakari te raima hangarua.
Te arotau i te ranunga: Te whakamātautau i te horopeta o te muka, te ōwehenga whakakapinga o te rauemi hangarua, me ngā mahi tahi me ngā tāpiringa (hei tauira, te paoa silica).
Te whakahaere kounga: Kia rite te marara o te muka kia kore ai e piri i te wā e whakaranua ana.
Whakarāpopototanga
Ka whakarei ake te muka karāhe i te ātete ki te horo o te raima hangarua mā te whakapakeke ā-tinana me te pumau matū. Ko tōna whai huatanga ka whakawhirinaki ki te momo muka, te horopeta, me te kounga o te konganuku hangarua. Me arotahi ngā rangahau ā muri ake nei ki te roa o te mau me ngā tikanga whakaputa utu-whai hua hei whakahaere i ngā tono hangarau nui.
Te wā tuku: 28-Pepuere-2025
